[Microbiology] Atlas about Immunodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Atlas about Immunodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases, Immunodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases, atlas in microbiology, atlas in medical, tuyenlab.net

Fig 1. Primary and secondary antibody responses.

Fig 2.  Preparation of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.

Fig 3. Causes of false-positive and false-negative
immunoglobulin M (IgM) assays. A, True-positive IgM assay.
B, False-negative IgM assay. Excess antigen-specific
immunoglobulin G (IgG) inhibits antigen-specific IgM from
binding. C, False-positive IgM assay. Rheumatoid factor (RF)
binds to antigen-specific IgG and is detected with labeled
anti-IgM antibody.

Fig 4. Structure of an antibody monomer.

Fig 5.  Ouchterlony plate. A serum specimen containing an unknown antibody is
placed in one well (e.g., well 4), a known antigen of interest is placed in an adjacent
well (well 3—positive control), and a known antisera to the antigen (well 7—positive
control) is placed in another adjacent well. The antigen and antibody molecules in the
solution diffuse from the wells and through the porous agarose. If the unknown serum
contains antibody to the known antigen, a precipitin band forms at a point of optimal
concentration of each component. This precipitin band is called a line of identity.

Fig 6.  Transmission electron micrograph of a latex
suspension. Each latex bead is about 1 micron in diameter.

Fig 7.  Alignment of antibody molecules bound to
the surface of a latex particle and latex agglutination
reaction.

Fig 8.  Commercial latex agglutination test slide showing reaction of controls and
a patient’s cerebrospinal fluid with latex reagents specific for Haemophilus influenzae
serotype b (Hib). Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp), group B Streptococcus (GBS), and five
different serogroups (groups C and W135, groups A and Y, and group B) of Neisseria
meningitidis (Nm). Note the positive reactions with each test latex reagent and positive
control (P), as well as the positive reaction with the patient’s specimen and Hib test
latex.

Fig 9.  Diagram of coagglutination reaction with whole bacterial cell antigen.
A, Antigen.

Fig 10.  Commercial coagglutination test card showing positive (1) and negative
(2 and 3) reactions. The blue color is an indicator dye added to make the agglutination
reaction easier to read against a white background.

Fig 11.  Streptozyme test (Wampole Laboratories,
Cranbury, NJ) for the detection of antibodies to
streptococcal products.

Fig 12.  Sure-Vue, Mono test kit (Biokit) for the
detection of heterophile antibodies produced during the
disease infectious mononucleosis.

Fig 13.  Diagram of liposome particles showing bilipid layer structure. Either
antibody (A) or antigen (B) can be attached to the surface of the liposome. The interior
of the liposome can carry reporter molecules (e.g., dyes, enzymes).

Fig 14.  Light path of incident light microscope.

Fig 15.  Direct fluorescent antibody–stained cells of
Giardia lamblia (three larger apple-green, oval cells) and
Cryptosporidium sp. (smaller cells) in stool.

Fig 16.  The fluorescence antibody test for
identification of tissue antigens or their antibodies. A, Direct
fluorescent antibody (DFA) test. The antigen-specific–labeled
antibody is applied to the fixed specimen, incubated,
washed, and visualized with a fluorescent microscope.
B, Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA). A second
fluorochrome-labeled antibody specific for the first
unlabeled antibody is applied.

Fig 17. Double indirect fluorescent antibody tests
for antibody detection.

Fig 18.  Principle of direct solid-phase immunosorbent assay. A, Solid phase is
microtiter well. B, Solid phase is bead.

Fig 19.  Principle of various enzyme immunoassays
for antigen. Both methods (direct and indirect sandwich
immunoassays) start with specific antibody bound to the
solid phase. Arrows (→) separate steps in the procedures
where washing of the solid phase takes place. Y, Antibody;
A-A, antigen; E, enzyme; , enzyme substrate; , enzyme
product.

Fig 20.  Enzyme immunoassay test in microtiter plate
(top) and strip (bottom) showing wells with product of
enzymatic reaction before (blue) and after (yellow) addition
of an acidic stop solution.

Fig 21.  Principle of indirect solid-phase enzyme
immunoassay for antibody detection.

Fig 22. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody capture enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay using labeled antigen (left) or unlabeled antigen; a secondary
enzyme-labeled antibody is added later (right).

Fig 23. TestPack Strep A kit components of
membrane-bound enzyme immunoassay test for group A
streptococcal polysaccharide antigen.

Fig 24. Color PAC devices showing negative (A) and positive (B) reactions of
liposome enhanced membrane-bound enzyme immunoassay for group A streptococcal
polysaccharide antigen.

Fig 25. Immunochromatographic test. The OraQuick
test is a rapid assay for the detection of antibody to human
immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. Formation of a red
line in the test area is a positive reaction.

Fig 26. Optical ImmunoAssay (OIA) for group A streptococcus. A, Principle of
Biostar OIA Strep A test showing color change from gold to purple following attachment
of immune complex containing group A streptococcal antigen. B, Test cassettes showing
a positive reaction on the left and negative on the right.

Fig 27. Principles of complement fixation (CF) test.
RBCs, Red blood cells.

Fig 28. Western blot for the detection of antibody
to HIV-1. Strips 1 and 4 are high-positive strips; strips 2 and 5
are low-positive; strips 3 and 6 are negative controls. Strips 7
through 13 and strip 16 are positive reactions of patient
sera. Strips 14 and 15 are negative reactions of patient sera.
Gp160 represents a viral glycoprotein with a molecular
weight of 160,000 daltons; gp41 and p24 represent other
viral proteins.

Fig 29. RPH card test for detection of nontreponemal antibodies.

Fig 30. Bronchoalveolar lavage showing
Pneumocystis jiroveci using fluorescent antibody test.

This is a part of the book : Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology 4th edition 2011 of authors: Connie R. Mahon, Donald C. Lehman and George Manuselis. If you want to view the full content of the book and support author. Please buy it here: http://amzn.to/2ctxo02